Branches

Working together as an interdisciplinary team, many highly-trained health professionals besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include: nurses, emergency medical technicians and paramedics, laboratory scientists, (pharmacy, pharmacists), (physiotherapy,physiotherapists), respiratory therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, radiographers, dietitians and bioengineers.

The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry, while a separate discipline from medicine, is considered a medical field.

A patient admitted to hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem, e.g. the Cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g. surgical, radiology, to help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications / developments.

Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine, which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in.

The main branches of medicine used in Wikipedia are:

• Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research.
• Medical specialties
• interdisciplinary fields, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions.

The patient-physician relationship

The relationship between patient and carer, be they physician or nurse, is a pivotal aspect of medical practice.

The ideal taught in medical school sees the core aspect as the physician learning the patient's symptoms, concerns and values. The physician examines the patient, interprets the symptoms, and formulates a diagnosis to explain the symptoms and their cause to the patient and then proposes a treatment. The job of a physician is similar to a human biologist: that is, to know the human frame and situation in terms of normality. Once the physician knows what is normal and can measure the patient against those norms, he or she can then determine the particular departure from the normal and the degree of departure. This is called the diagnosis.

The four great corner stones of diagnostic medicine are anatomy (structure: what is there), physiology (how the structure/s work), pathology (what goes wrong with the anatomy and physiology) and psychology (mind and behavior). In addition, the physician should consider the patient in their 'well' context rather than simply as a walking medical condition. This means the socio-political context of the patient (family, work, stress, beliefs) should be assessed as it often offers vital clues to the patient's condition and further management.

A patient typically presents a set of complaints (the symptoms) to the physician, who then obtains further information about the patient's symptoms, previous state of health, living conditions, and so forth. The physician then makes a review of systems (ROS) or systems inquiry, which is a set of ordered questions about each major body system in order: general (such as weight loss), endocrine, cardio-respiratory, etc. Next comes the actual physical examination and often laboratory tests; the findings are recorded, leading to a list of possible diagnoses. These will be investigated in order of probability.

The next task is to enlist the patient's agreement to a management plan, which will include treatment as well as plans for follow-up. Importantly, during this process the healthcare provider educates the patient about the causes, progression, outcomes, and possible treatments of his ailments, as well as often providing advice for maintaining health. This teaching relationship is the basis of calling the physician doctor^{[dubious – discuss]}, which originally meant "teacher" in Latin. The patient-physician relationship is additionally complicated by the patient's suffering (patient derives from the Latin patior, "suffer") and limited ability to relieve it on his/her own. The physician's expertise comes from his knowledge of what is healthy and normal contrasted with knowledge and experience of other people who have suffered similar symptoms (unhealthy and abnormal), and the proven ability to relieve it with medicines (pharmacology) or other therapies about which the patient may initially have little knowledge.

The physician-patient relationship can be analyzed from the perspective of ethical concerns, in terms of how well the goals of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice are achieved. Many other values and ethical issues can be added to these. In different societies, periods, and cultures, different values may be assigned different priorities. For example, in the last 30 years medical care in the Western World has increasingly emphasized patient autonomy in decision making.

The relationship and process can also be analyzed in terms of social power relationships (e.g., by Michel Foucault), or economic transactions. Physicians have been accorded gradually higher status and respect over the last century, and they have been entrusted with control of access to prescription medicines as a public health measure. This represents a concentration of power and carries both advantages and disadvantages to particular kinds of patients with particular kinds of conditions. A further twist has occurred in the last 25 years as costs of medical care have risen, and a third party (an insurance company or government agency) now often insists upon a share of decision-making power for a variety of reasons, reducing freedom of choice of healthcare providers and patients in many ways.

The quality of the patient-physician relationship is important to both parties. The better the relationship in terms of mutual respect, knowledge, trust, shared values and perspectives about disease and life, and time available, the better will be the amount and quality of information about the patient's disease transferred in both directions, enhancing accuracy of diagnosis and increasing the patient's knowledge about the disease. Where such a relationship is poor the physician's ability to make a full assessment is compromised and the patient is more likely to distrust the diagnosis and proposed treatment. In these circumstances and also in cases where there is genuine divergence of medical opinions, a second opinion from another physician may be sought or the patient may choose to go to another doctor.

In some settings, e.g. the hospital ward, the patient-physician relationship is much more complex, and many other people are involved when somebody is ill: relatives, neighbors, rescue specialists, nurses, technical personnel, social workers and others.

In non-Western societies, the physician/patient relationship may be couched in different terms. The illness may be seen as a violation of the spiritual realm and the cure will be seen likewise as having to take place in the spiritual realm. Violation of some spiritual rule can result in illness; persons distant to the patient may have caused illness by manoeuvres in the spiritual realm, by cursing or causing another practitioner / shaman / healer to place the curse. Powerful faith in these factors can result in serious illness or cure. Spirits can be part of a culture's usual pantheon, ancestor spirits or arbitrary new spirit forces arising independently or as derived from an existing object in the real world: such as an animist spirit coming from a totem animal, mountain or other thing. As in the scientific West, the practitioner is assumed to have special knowledge or power, and is paid by the patient in some form.

Health Policy & Communications

The prospect for Federal health reform legislation remains high because of the growing need, Democratic control of Congress, and a lower barrier to major actions because of the economic situation. However, opposing these positive factors are the apparent unraveling of broad coalitions supporting fundamental health reform, and lower expectations for bipartisanship in Congress.

Growing conflicts within health reform coalitions was reported in Tuesday’s Chicago Tribune, (and discussed on the HealthBeatBlog), but this dis-cohesion was very predictable when it came time to talk specifics. Unfortunately, the prospects for bipartisan action on health reform also seem to have faded sooner than one would have hoped. This was seen in the recent National Journal’s Insider’s Poll which asked the question -

“Have events of recent weeks made you more encouraged or less encouraged about prospects for bipartisanship this year on major issues that Congress has yet to tackle, such as health care reform and energy legislation?” [emphasis added]

The fight over the stimulus legislation clearly has driven a hammer down on bipartisanship in Congress. This will make passing health reform legislation harder, since health reform is never easy and the one bipartisan example of major health legislation in recent decades was HIPAA. The development and passage of HIPPA demonstrate the value of bipartisan leadership for moving a substantive and complex piece of legislation through the process. (For HIPAA, that bipartisan leadership came from Senators Kennedy and Kassebaum - who retired in 1997 after the law’s passage.)

Conversely, examples go back months, years and decades, showing that narrow, partisan voting has been the norm in health legislation. For example, the recent SCHIP reauthorizations were subject to multiple rounds of partisan wrangling, the Medicare Modernization Act in 2003 passed by 1 vote, with 9 Democrats voting in favor and 19 Republicans voting against, and the 1993-94 health reform initiative dissolved, in part, because of lack of leadership and partisan maneuvering.

Agreeing on a Second Choice
While faltering coalitions and partisanship certainly present real hurdles, the overarching challenge for overcoming these barriers will be to see if Stuart Altman’s well known insight about health reform can be turned on its head. That is, while it is unlikely that there will ever be broad consensus about the structure for health reform, Professor Altman has observed that everyone’s second choice has been the status quo. However, if everyone’s second choice can be flipped to “anything but what we have now,” then with adequate leadership and a reasonable plan, significant reform may be possible.

Economy as a Catalyst?
The economic situation may be the catalyst to drive people to support “anything but what we have now.” But agreement on that second choice option won’t itself determine the substance for health reform legislation. To actually pass a law and implement the reforms it contains, the proposal must be explainable as to how it will both work and benefit individuals, society, and the economy. This will clearly take leadership - and likely some level of bipartisan agreement in Congress. While the prospects for bipartisanship seem bleak now, if it changes, and a health reform proposal is developed that is practical, defensible, and addresses the cost, access and quality concerns that are worrying patients, families and businesses, then real health reform is possible.

Small Business

A small business is a business that is independently owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. The legal definition of "small" often varies by country and industry, but is generally under 100 employees in the United States and under 50 employees in the European Union. In comparison, the definition of mid-sized business by the number of employees is generally under 500 in the U.S. and 250 for the European Union. Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. In Australia, a small business is defined as 1-19 employees and a medium business as 20-200 employees.

In addition to number of employees, other methods used to classify small companies include annual sales (turnover), value of assets and net profit (balance sheet), alone or in a mixed definition. These criteria are followed by the European Union, for instance (headcount, turnover and balance sheet totals). Small businesses are usually not dominant in their field of operation.

Small businesses are common in many countries, depending on the economic system in operation. Typical examples include: convenience stores, other small shops (such as a bakery or delicatessen), hairdressers, tradesmen, lawyers, accountants, restaurants, guest houses, photographers, small-scale manufacturing etc.

The smallest businesses, often located in private homes, are called microbusinesses (term used by international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation) or SoHos. The term "mom and pop business" is a common colloquial expression for a single-family operated business with few (or no) employees other than the owners. When judged by the number of employees, the American and the European definitions are the same: under 10 employees.

Criticism of big business

Criticism of big business

The social consequences of the concentration of economic power in the hands of those persons controlling "Big Business" has been a constant concern both of economists and of politicians since the end of the 19th century. Various attempts have been made to investigate the effects of "bigness" upon labor, consumers and investors, as well as upon prices and competition. "Big Business" has been accused of a wide variety of misdeeds that range from the exploitation of the working class to the corruption of politicians and the fomenting of war.

Benefits of big business

It has been generally admitted that much of the technological progress since 1850 has been dependent on and fostered by the growth in size and the increase in financial strength of individual business units.

During the rise of big business in the late nineteenth century, long run factors contributing to the consolidation of businesses included technological changes and reductions in transportation costs. Cheaper transport costs made it feasible to produce in one location and then ship the product to market, instead of producing where the market was located. Technological changes made plant sizes more efficient in regards to capital-intensive assembly lines.

The rise of railroads contributed to decreased transportation costs during the 1800s. To expand, the railroad companies required large pools of capital to finance infrastructure development and daily operations. However, the government did not have the budget to provide financing due to the depression in the 1830s and 1840s. As a result, the railroad firms turned to private investors and investment banks to raise the necessary capital.

BIG BUSINESS

Big Business is a term used to describe large words and people , in either an individual or collective sense. The term first came into use in a symbolic sense subsequent to the American Civil War, particularly after 1880, in connection with the combination movement that began in American business at that time. Organizations that fall into the category of "big business" include ExxonMobil, Wal-Mart, Google, Microsoft, General Motors, Citigroup and Arcelor Mittal.^{[citation needed]}

Intellectual property

Intellectual property

Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors in order for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents or copyrights or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties.

Capital

Capital

When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available.

Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one.

Business that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.

As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, healthcare law, securities law, M&A law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.

In Thailand, for example, it is necessary to register a particular amount of capital for each employee, and pay a fee to the government for the amount of capital registered. There is no legal requirement to prove that this capital actually exists, the only requirement is to pay the fee. Overall, processes like this are detrimental to the development and GDP of a country, but often exist in "feudal" developing countries.

Organizing

Organizing

The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:

• The size and scope of the business, and its anticipated management and ownership. Generally a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as partnerships or (more commonly) corporations. In addition a business which wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
• The sector and country. Private profit making businesses are different from government owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized certain ways.
• Limited liability. Corporations, limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organizations protect their owners from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not so protected.
• Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law, and may have advantages for this reason.
• Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make more or less information public (or reported to relevant authorities), and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.

Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation, limited partnership or limited liability company. Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person." This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law, if the business does not succeed.

Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.

A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether he or she owns it directly or through a formally organized entity.

A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:

1. General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
2. Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
3. In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently than large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
4. In order to "go public" (sometimes called IPO) -- which basically means to allow a part of the business to be owned by a wider range of investors or the public in general -- you must organize a separate entity, which is usually required to comply with a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLCs that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well (for example, REITs in the USA, Unit Trusts in the UK). However, you cannot take a general partnership "public."

7 Tips for Creating a Great Business Proposal

There are 7 tips to making a great business proposal..

1. Write Clearly and Succinctly: There is a tendency in business writing generally, and in business proposals specifically, to try and show how smart you are by using excess verbiage, jargon, and run-on sentences. Don't do it. Be succinct. Make your point and move on.
   
   Remember: When people begin reading the proposal, they have little or no idea what you are proposing, so you have to walk them through the process. You do so by starting at the beginning and clearly, simply, and logically moving forward by making your points one at a time.
   
   Start with the big picture and drill down as you go along.
   
   
2. Make a Good Argument and Counter Possible Obstacles: A great proposal is, essentially, a sales brochure, disguised. In it, you put your best foot forward, put your company in the best light, and make yourself irresistible to the reader.
   
   How do you do that?
   
   The best way is to marshal the top facts and arguments in your favor. Have a theme and reinforce it again and again. Take the reader down a path that leads but to one conclusion — that hiring you makes the most sense for them.
   
   You also have to put yourself in the readers' position, think of what counter arguments they may be considering, and deal with those potential obstacles honestly. That makes you trustworthy.
   
   
3. Show your Personality: Far too often, business proposals are devoid of life, as if the person writing it is some Employeetron 3000, programmed to say nothing, be boring, and not offend.
   
   I say, let your personality come through. Of course this is business and you have to follow some business conventions, but as you do, also let the reader see who you are. Share your enthusiasm for your business, their business, the idea, something.
   
   
4. Use Graphics Intelligently: Don't make the mistake of bogging down a perfectly fine proposal with excess graphics. Yes, of course you need graphics; they can clarify an idea, and liven up a proposal and allow readers to focus on something other than words. That's smart. Just don't get carried away. Whether you use a program like Publisher or PowerPoint, just be sure that the graphics reinforce the sale rather than distracting from the point.
   
   
5. Don't Oversell: Avoid hyperbole. As soon as you cross the line from understandable pride to obnoxious overstatement, you lose credibility. Once readers think you're not shooting straight with them, they may question the truthfulness of everything in your proposal—all that they read so far, and all that is still to come.
   
   You avoid this unenviable fate by staying on the safe side of overstatement.
   
   
6. Avoid Boilerplate Language and Catch Typos: Another sure way to lose readers is to have them think that your proposal is a cut-and-paste job, consisting of boilerplate data and text. Certainly you can reuse persuasive information from elsewhere, but try to keep it to a minimum and don't make it obvious. Your proposal should read as if it were created especially for this particular client or customer. And while you're personalizing the proposal, triple-check for typos.
   
   If it is clear that you didn't give the proposal your best effort, why would your readers think you would give their project your best effort?
   
   
7. Always Keep the Reader in Mind: A proposal is a marketing tool, and as such, remember Marketing 101: Stress benefits, benefits, benefits.
   
   Finally, while price is important and must be discussed, do so only after you have wowed readers with your crisp writing, powerful arguments, supporting graphics, and a plethora of potential benefits. Then you can go in for the sale.

Types Of Business Entity

There are many types of business entity defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include corporations, partnerships, sole traders and other specialized types of organization. Some of these types are listed below, by country.

For guidance, approximate equivalents in the company law of English-speaking countries are given in most cases,
e.g. ≈ PLC (UK), ≈ Ltd. (UK), ≈ limited partnership, etc. It should be remembered, however, that the regulations governing particular types of entity, even those described as roughly equivalent, may differ to a greater or lesser extent between countries.

Croatian Projects Among The Best In The World

Two of the best structures in the world constructed during the past two years are located in Croatia. The first is the suspension bridge at Skradin and the second is the Sea Organ that is already famous far and wide and has become one of the symbols of the city of Zadar. These are, admittedly, only nominations in various categories for the CEMEX Award, the so-called “Concrete Oscars”. Which structures will become award winners will be known in early November when an international panel of judges in the Mexican city of Montevideo will announce the best projects in the individual categories. The Skradin bridge is located on the newly constructed Zagreb – Split highway and is running in the category of infrastructural structures, while Zadar’s Sea Organ, already winner in Barcelona of the prestigious European award for urban public areas, is competing in the public areas category. The “suspension” bridge in Skradin features a massive concrete arch stretching across some 200 metres and is very attractive because of its exceptional location and because of the unbelievable view that shoots out from it – to one side of the green canyon of the Krka River and the city of Skradin itself, and to the other side of Lake Prokljansko, which has made the bridge the chief viewpoint in the area. Unlike the bridge, which is a type of structure that appears around the world, the Sea Organ is something quite different. This is a real organ built into a staggered concrete waterfront. It are about 70 metres long with a total of 35 pipes in the concrete through which air flows playing a melody that is dictated by the activity of the sea and wind and can be enjoyed day and night by people out for a stroll on the waterfront. Zadar’s waterfront has, thanks to this original project, become a new meeting place for both tourists and the people of Zadar itself.
City of Skradin Tourist Board

FROM: JOURNALIST WEB

Starting a business in Pakistan now takes just 22 days

The conducive business environment has played a vital role in attracting foreign investment in Pakistan where a foreign investor could start business in 22 days compared with India's 65 days, government officials said on Wednesday.

"Starting a business in Pakistan requires only 22 days (the lowest in the sample), with India at the bottom with 65 days," the official said.

Worldwide FDI inflows declined sharply by 17.5 per cent from US$678.8 billion to US$ 559.6 billion in 2003, 32 …

FROM: JANG.COM.PK

World Diamond Council

The World Diamond Council was created by the World Federation of Diamond Bourses and the International Diamond Manufacturers Association. Its "ultimate mandate...is the development, implementation and oversight of a tracking system for the export and import of rough diamonds to prevent the exploitation of diamonds for illicit purposes such as war and inhumane acts.
"Its members include representatives of national and international gem and jewellery industry associations and the following companies (as of November 2004): ABN Amro, Antwerpse Diamantbank, Ascorp (Angola), Bank Leumi, BHP Diamonds & Industrial Metals (part of BHP Billiton), Cartier, De Beers, Debswana (joint venture De Beers, govt. of Botswana), Diamond Trading Co. (DTC) (part of De Beers), Eurostar Diamonds, Harry Winston, Leviev Group, Namdeb Diamond (part of De Beers), Rapaport Corp., Rio Tinto, Rosy Blue, Sterling Jewelers, Tacy Diamond Consultants, Tiffany, Union Bank of Israel, Zale

FOR MORE INFORMATION CLICK HERE

OSCE Mission to Croatia to launch art project for children

OSCE Mission to Croatia to launch art project for children in multicultural schools with Education Ministry

ZAGREB, 5 September 2006 - The OSCE Mission to Croatia and the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports will together launch a literary and art contest for children in multicultural schools in Vukovar-Sirmium and Osijek-Baranja counties on 6 September. The arts contest is called "Children Together".

The goal of the project, which was initiated together with a non-governmental organization from Osijek, Alliance for Scientific, Cultural and Humanitarian Activities, is to promote co-existence and friendship in the Danube Region. It is trying to do this by encouraging interaction and joint activities for children from minority and majority groups, with the participation of their parents and teachers.

Art and literary works will be collected from 30 elementary schools in the Danube Region, with the best works to be exhibited and rewarded at concluding ceremonies in November.

The Head of the OSCE Mission, Ambassador Jorge Fuentes, and the special envoyee of the Education Minister, State Secretary Zelimir Janjic will jointly announce the start of the contest at a press conference in Vukovar at 11 a.m. Wednesday, 6 September at the Vukovar-Sirmium County Palace, Zupanijska 9, Vukovar.

Network

Network

Being an important resource for business, Internet technology has permeated into people'sdaily life and spread everywhere, thus network security is becoming very significant. Network security refers to the hardware, software and data of the network system to be protected from accidental or malicours destruction, alteration and disclosing so that the system can be ensured to run continously and reliably. The charateristics of network security should include privacy, completeness, availability and controllability.
The EVOC Gigabit Network Firewall Platform is a perfect solution to the network security. Firewall system determines the right of the external users to visit inner services. To strengthen the role of firewall, all the information coming from and going to the Internet should be transmitted and filtered by firewall. Only authorized data is permitted to pass the firewall, and firewall itself should be anti-osmotic.

What is Technology?

What is Technology?

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek "technologia", "τεχνολογία" — "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying").^[1] However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".

The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.

How Cell Phones Work

Millions of people in the Pakistan and around the world use cellular phones, Means mobile phones. They are such great gadgets -- with a cell phone, you can talk to anyone on the planet from just about anywhere!

These days, cell phones provide an incredible array of functions, and new ones are being added at a breakneck pace. Depending on the cell-phone model, you can:

• Store contact information
• Make task or to-do lists
• Keep track of appointments and set reminders
• Use the built-in calculator for simple math
• Send or receive e-mail
• Get information (news, entertainment, stock quotes) from the Internet
• Play games
• Watch TV
• Send text messages
• Integrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 players and GPS receivers

Explore Cell Phones iPhone Cell Phone Quiz 10 Popular Phones

­But have you ever wondered how a cell phone works? What makes it different from a regular phone? What do all those terms like PCS, GSM, CDMA and TDMA mean? In this article, we will discuss the technology behind cell phones so that you can see how amazing they really are. If you are thinking about buying a cell phone, be sure to check out How Buying a Cell Phone Works to learn what you should know before making a purchase.

To start with, one of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is actually a radio -- an extremely sophisticated radio, but a radio nonetheless. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and wireless communication can trace its roots to the invention of the radio by Nikolai Tesla in the 1880s (formally presented in 1894 by a young Italian named Guglielmo Marconi). It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined.

The World of Entertainment Technology

The Entertainment Technology is a corporate and special events, cruise ships, film/television products sports venue, theaters, theme parks, trade shows and even pro wrestling. This exciting and-most of all-fun industry offers a unique career path for each student and all, depending on his her individual interests. One City Tech graduate might work in a science shop building high-tech, mechanized science effects, and still another might work for a system contractor desigining or installing entertainment and audiovisual system into permanent, architectural venues.

Mobile Technology

Mobile technology is the constantly expanding sector of equipment and related services that enable people to work away from their desks. The exploding mobile technology sector includes telecommuting, working from partner or client locations, from a plane or train or simply moving more fluidly around the company's own premise through the use of a wireless local-area network. The key to mobile technology is balancing the benefits from mobilizing vital data against the security challenges that will be introduced.

Mobile Devices

Mobile devices are aimed at workers and consumers not working from a wired outlet. The mobile device category is expanding by leaps and bounds, and includes everything from cell phones, feature phones and smartphones to laptops, mobile Internet devices (MIDs), tablet computers and ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs). Mobile devices are benefiting from the growth of 3G networks and will become even more ubiquitous as 4G grows. There is more diversity in the types of devices and operating systems than in the desktop world.

Cell Phones

Cell phones are portable telephones that connect to a mobile network. Increasingly, cell phones are dividing into a trio of categories: basic cell phones, feature phones and smartphones. Cell phones, which also are known as mobile phones, provide many services besides voice calling. These include short message service, location-based services, Web surfing and other data services. In general, phones are getting smaller and the user interfaces more creative. The iPhone has ushered in a new era of creativity.

BlackBerry

BlackBerry is a family of smartphones and the related operating system from Research in Motion. The BlackBerry is the most popular business handheld device. When paired with the Blackberry Enterprise Server, the Blackberry enables secure mobile e-mail, voice, Web and other data services. The device, which has earned the sobriquet "crackberry," is under attack from Nokia, Microsoft and others. There is an incipient threat from the iPhone, but so far Apple has sent mixed messages about its attitude toward the corporate market.

Marketing vs. Advertising: What's the Difference?

You will often find that many people confuse marketing with advertising or vice versa. While both components are important they are very different. Knowing the difference and doing your market research can put your company on the path to substantial growth.

Let's start off by reviewing the formal definitions of each and then I'll go into the explanation of how marketing and advertising differ from one another:

Advertising: The paid, public, non-personal announcement of a persuasive message by an identified sponsor; the non-personal presentation or promotion by a firm of its products to its existing and potential customers.

Marketing: The systematic planning, implementation and control of a mix of business activities intended to bring together buyers and sellers for the mutually advantageous exchange or transfer of products.

After reading both of the definitions it is easy to understand how the difference can be confusing to the point that people think of them as one-in-the same, so lets break it down a bit.

Healthcare Life Science

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